"A Nation that Catches Workers Before They Fall"

The Triangle factory fire marked a turning point for organized labor and worker wellbeing.

“The Washington Place exit, was locked — a huddle of desperate workers burned to death trying to open it.”

Years ago, in lower Manhattan, flames burst through the windows of a skyscraper. Cornered by a fast-moving fire, employees clung to the window frames until the heat, the flames, and the terror became too much to bear. They leapt from the windows to their certain death, their burning hair and clothes leaving a smoky trail, and crashed smoldering to the ground with an unearthly thud.

This is not an account of a terrorist attack. This is the scene of what, for 90 years prior to 2001, stood as the worst workplace disaster in New York City history.  Like 9/11, this tragedy changed the world — especially the world of work.

This is the story of the Triangle Shirtwaist factory fire, in which 146 employees — mostly young immigrant women — perished on March 25, 1911.

Shirtwaists were a kind of trendy women's blouse, and the Triangle factory, which occupied the top three floors of the 10-story Asch building, could barely make them fast enough to keep up with demand. Each floor of the crowded Triangle factory had two exits. But the Greene Street exit, the one that workers were herded through at the end of each day so that bosses could search the workers' handbags for stolen goods, was blocked by flames after the blaze exploded near the end of the workday that Saturday.

The only remaining exit, the Washington Place exit, was locked — a huddle of desperate workers burned to death trying to open it. Fire escapes led nowhere and eventually collapsed in a mangled mass of melted metal. Workers jumped down the elevator shaft into a heap of corpses on top of the elevator, which had shuttled many panicked workers to safety until the heroic elevator operator, Joseph Zito (the inspiration for my business’s name, Jozito LLC) knew it could run no more.

Listen to a 60-second recording of Joseph Zito’s great-great-grandson retelling the story

The fire department responded quickly, but its ladders weren't tall enough to reach any of the victims. The factory owners, Max Blanck and Isaac Harris, managed to escape the inferno.

Blanck and Harris eventually collected insurance money — $60,000 more than the value of property they’d lost in the fire, a profit of $400 per victim. In contrast, 23 civil suits against the owner of the Asch Building were settled, with families recovering an average of only $75 per loved one lost.

Several days after the fire, a funeral procession of 120,000 workers marched in the pouring rain, as 300,000 grief stricken New Yorkers looked on in a demonstration of unity. Marchers pledged never to forget the fate of the young women and men of the Triangle Shirtwaist factory.

We need not sully the memory of this tragedy by comparing the plight of the Triangle workers to the work conditions that most Americans enjoy today. But nor should we dishonor the memory by neglecting to apply the lessons we can draw from it.

Bestowed with a broad charge and powers to investigate the Triangle fire and the work conditions of factory employees throughout the state, the New York Factory Investigating Commission in 1912 argued that the "human factor is practically neglected in our industrial system," and reported that employers had "shown a terrible waste of human resources, of human health and life."

Foreshadowing the ensuing years in labor relations, in which government intercedes when employers fail to adhere to standards of decency, the Commission spelled out the true significance of worker health:

Health is the principal asset of the working man and the working woman… Aside from the humanitarian aspect of the situation, economic considerations demand from the State the careful supervision and protection of its workers. Failure to perform this obligation will produce serious results in the workers of the future. It will affect the working capacity of the future generation.

The Commission recognized that worker health had implications for society as a whole, in the present and in years to come.

Indifference to these matters reflects grossly upon the present day civilization, and it is regrettable that our State and national legislation on the subject of industrial hygiene compares so unfavorably with that of other countries.

Other industrialized nations continue, more than 100 years later, to surpass the US in the protection of total worker health. They emphasize psychosocial health at the workplace, regulate limits on overtime, require paid sick time, and encourage workers to take needed leave to care for newborns and for ailing family members.

The work of the Commission set the tone for widespread changes in labor practices, without which the comfort many of us enjoy in today's workplace likely would not exist. (Many of us enjoy comfort, but not all.)

And, yet, today, when employee health is discussed in journals, in lay media, and at conferences, we persistently neglect the "human factor," which the Commission identified as the core of worker wellbeing.

The question, "Does employee wellness work?" is posed consistently with an assumption that "wellness working" is measured in employer cost savings or increased output. This commodification of human life stands in marked contrast to the social consciousness, the compassion, the empathy, and the vision that swept the nation after the Triangle fire.

Rosaria Maltese was 14 years old. Bettina Maiale and her sister, Frances, were 18 and 21, respectively. Ida Brodsky was 15. Fannie Rosen, an immigrant from Kiev who had worked at the Triangle factory for only two days and was one of the last six victims identified — a century later — was 21 years old. These girls were among the 146 employees who perished in the Triangle Shirtwaist factory fire on March 25, 1911.

Fannie Rosen

With a unified voice, Americans pledged that we would never forget these girls and their courageous young coworkers who fought to be treated humanely, who suffered and endured, and left a legacy from which most of us now benefit every day of our lives. Just as we now pledge to always remember the victims of the 9/11 terrorist attacks, we once gave our word that we would remember the sacrifice represented by the charred remains of 146 Triangle factory workers.

But every time we argue, or simply assume, that the primary purpose of employee wellbeing is not the human factor but is, instead, simply to increase profits and/or productivity... we harden ourselves against the memory of Rosaria, Bettina, Frances, Ida, Fannie, and the others.

As former Secretary of Labor Hilda L. Solis wrote in her commemoration of the 100-year anniversary of the Triangle Shirtwaist factory fire, "We must always be a nation that catches workers before they fall."

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Much of the information in the post above, which I originally published in 2015, was drawn from, Kheel Center, Cornell University. The 1911 Triangle Factory Fire, accessed January 15, 2015. It was inspired by David Von Drehle’s Triangle: The Fire That Changed America.

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Work Chronicles

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